What standard governs a business valuation used in financial statements?
Fair value as defined by FASB ASC 820: the price that would be received to sell the asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. It is an exit-price concept that drives purchase price allocations under ASC 805 and goodwill impairment testing under ASC 350, and it is not interchangeable with the fair market value standard used for federal tax.
Why can't a tax appraisal be dropped into GAAP reporting?
Because the standards differ: federal tax matters require fair market value under a hypothetical willing buyer and seller, while ASC 820 fair value requires market-participant assumptions, identification of the principal or most advantageous market, and an orderly transaction premise. Auditors expect documentation built on those inputs, so substituting a tax-purpose number can materially misstate reported values.
Can buyer-specific synergies be included in fair value?
No. Synergistic or strategic value to a particular buyer is investment value, a different standard, and including it in a GAAP measurement overstates assets by capturing value market participants would not pay. Fair value must reflect what a typical market participant would pay, not what the most motivated acquirer might.
What disclosures do valuation standards require in the report?
AICPA VS Section 100 requires the engagement to identify the purpose, the standard of value, the valuation date, the interest being valued, and whether the work is a full valuation or a calculation engagement. These disclosures are scrutinized later if goodwill impairment or a purchase price allocation is disputed, so we state them explicitly in every report.